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Return to Player (RTP) is the percentage of all wagered money that a casino game pays back to players over time. A 96% RTP means the game returns $96 for every $100 wagered on average. RTP is the inverse of house edge and is the key metric for comparing slot machines and table games.
RTP (Return to Player)
RTP (Return to Player) is the percentage of wagered money a casino game returns to players over millions of rounds. A 96% RTP means players collectively receive 100 wagered. The remaining 4% is the house edge—the casino's profit margin. RTP is determined by game mathematics and cannot be altered during play. It's the most important metric when choosing slot machines.
Table of Contents
- Understanding RTP
- RTP by Game Type
- How RTP Is Calculated
- RTP vs Volatility
- Finding High RTP Games
- RTP Myths and Reality
Understanding RTP {#understanding}
Think of RTP as the game's "payback rate." If a slot has 96% RTP, it's programmed to return 100 put through it—but this happens over millions of spins, not your individual session.
Key Concept:
| RTP | House Edge | What It Means |
|---|---|---|
| 99% | 1% | Excellent for players |
| 97% | 3% | Very good |
| 95% | 5% | Average |
| 90% | 10% | Poor |
| 85% | 15% | Avoid |
Simple Example:
You play a 96% RTP slot and wager $1,000 total over a session.
- Theoretical return: 960
- Expected loss: $40 (4% house edge)
But remember: this is an average. Your actual return could be 0 (unlucky session).
RTP by Game Type {#by-game}
Online Slots
| RTP Range | Category | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| 98-99% | Very High RTP | 1429 Uncharted Seas (98.5%), Blood Suckers (98%) |
| 96-98% | High RTP | Starburst (96.1%), Book of Dead (96.2%) |
| 94-96% | Standard | Most modern slots |
| 92-94% | Below Average | Some branded slots |
| <92% | Low | Progressive jackpot base games |
Table Games (Optimal Strategy)
| Game | RTP | Strategy Required |
|---|---|---|
| Blackjack | 99.5% | Basic strategy |
| Video Poker (Jacks or Better) | 99.54% | Perfect strategy |
| Baccarat (Banker) | 98.94% | None |
| Craps (Pass/Don't Pass) | 98.59% | None |
| European Roulette | 97.30% | None |
| American Roulette | 94.74% | None |
Progressive Jackpots
Progressive slots have lower base RTP because part of each bet funds the jackpot:
| Progressive Type | Base RTP | With Jackpot Contribution |
|---|---|---|
| Local | 90-92% | 92-95% |
| Wide Area | 85-90% | 92-98% (if jackpot is large) |
Example: Mega Moolah
- Base RTP: 88.12%
- Including jackpot contribution: ~93%
- Value increases as jackpot grows
Land-Based vs Online
| Venue | Typical RTP Range | Why |
|---|---|---|
| Las Vegas Strip | 88-92% | Prime real estate, captive audience |
| Off-strip Vegas | 92-95% | More competitive |
| Atlantic City | 90-93% | Regulated minimums |
| Online Casinos | 94-98% | Lower costs, more competition |
| UK Online | 95-98% | Strict regulation, transparency |
How RTP Is Calculated {#calculation}
The Mathematics
RTP is calculated from the game's paytable and probability of each outcome:
Simple Example: Coin Flip Game
| Outcome | Probability | Payout | Contribution |
|---|---|---|---|
| Heads | 50% | $1.90 | 0.95 |
| Tails | 50% | $0 | 0 |
| RTP | 95% |
Slot Machine Example:
| Symbol Combo | Probability | Payout | Contribution to RTP |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3 Wilds | 0.001% | 5000x | 5.00% |
| 3 Sevens | 0.01% | 200x | 2.00% |
| 3 Bars | 0.5% | 20x | 10.00% |
| 3 Cherries | 5% | 5x | 25.00% |
| Any Cherry | 20% | 2x | 40.00% |
| Other wins | 10% | 1.5x | 15.00% |
| Total RTP | 97.00% |
RTP and Hit Frequency
| Metric | Definition | Relationship |
|---|---|---|
| RTP | Money returned | Total payback percentage |
| Hit Frequency | How often you win | How often any win occurs |
Example:
- Slot A: 96% RTP, 35% hit frequency (frequent small wins)
- Slot B: 96% RTP, 15% hit frequency (rare big wins)
Same RTP, very different experience.
Bonus Contribution to RTP
Modern slots split RTP between base game and bonus features:
| Feature | Typical RTP Contribution |
|---|---|
| Base game wins | 50-65% |
| Free spins | 15-30% |
| Bonus games | 10-20% |
| Jackpots | 0-5% |
Example: 96% RTP Slot
- Base game: 60% (62.5% of total RTP)
- Free spins: 25% (26% of total RTP)
- Bonus: 11% (11.5% of total RTP)
RTP vs Volatility {#volatility}
RTP and volatility are independent properties:
| Property | RTP | Volatility |
|---|---|---|
| Measures | Long-term return | Short-term variance |
| Affects | Expected loss | Session experience |
| Range | 85-99% | Low/Medium/High |
Same RTP, Different Volatility
| Slot | RTP | Volatility | Experience |
|---|---|---|---|
| Starburst | 96.1% | Low | Frequent small wins |
| Book of Dead | 96.2% | High | Rare big wins |
| Twin Spin | 96.6% | Medium | Balanced |
Bankroll Impact:
| Volatility | 0.50) |
|---|---|
| Low | Usually ends with $80-120 |
| Medium | Usually ends with $50-150 |
| High | Often ends with 200+ |
Choosing Based on Goals
| Your Goal | Recommended | Volatility | RTP |
|---|---|---|---|
| Long play time | Slow drain | Low | 96%+ |
| Big win potential | Jackpot slots | High | Any |
| Balanced experience | Modern slots | Medium | 96%+ |
| Minimize losses | Table games | Very Low | 99%+ |
Finding High RTP Games {#finding-high-rtp}
Where to Find RTP Information
- Game paytable - Usually in help/info section
- Casino website - Many list RTPs by game
- Provider website - Game developers publish RTPs
- Independent databases - Sites track verified RTPs
High RTP Slots List
| Slot | Provider | RTP |
|---|---|---|
| Mega Joker | NetEnt | 99% |
| 1429 Uncharted Seas | Thunderkick | 98.5% |
| Blood Suckers | NetEnt | 98% |
| Jokerizer | Yggdrasil | 98% |
| Starmania | NextGen | 97.87% |
| White Rabbit | Big Time Gaming | 97.72% |
| Codex of Fortune | NetEnt | 97.3% |
High RTP Table Games
| Game | RTP | Requirement |
|---|---|---|
| Blackjack (single deck) | 99.85% | Perfect basic strategy |
| Video Poker (9/6 JoB) | 99.54% | Perfect strategy |
| French Roulette (La Partage) | 98.65% | Even-money bets |
| Baccarat | 98.94% | Bet banker |
| Craps | 98.59% | Pass/don't pass only |
RTP Verification
How to verify RTP:
- Check game provider's official documentation
- Compare multiple casino listings
- Look for eCOGRA or iTech Labs certifications
- Check regulatory filings (UK, Malta)
Warning Signs:
- RTP not disclosed
- RTP significantly different from provider specs
- Unlicensed casino
RTP Myths and Reality {#myths}
Myth 1: "This Slot Is Due to Pay"
Reality: Each spin is independent. A 96% RTP slot has 96% return probability on every spin, regardless of previous results. There's no "hot" or "cold" state.
Myth 2: "RTP Changes Based on Bet Size"
Reality: RTP is constant regardless of bet size. Betting 20 per spin gives identical RTP. Larger bets just mean larger wins AND losses.
Myth 3: "Playing Max Bet Increases RTP"
Reality: This was true for some older land-based slots with progressive jackpots. Modern online slots have identical RTP at all bet levels. Check individual game rules.
Myth 4: "Casinos Control RTP Remotely"
Reality: Online slot RTP is hardcoded by developers and verified by regulators. Casinos cannot adjust it. Land-based casinos may choose from preset configurations, but cannot change it dynamically.
Myth 5: "I Lost More Than RTP Suggests—The Game Is Rigged"
Reality: RTP applies over millions of spins. In 500 spins, you might see 50% return or 200% return—both are normal variance. Track over thousands of spins before drawing conclusions.
Actual RTP Experience
Simulation: 1,000 players each play 500 spins on 96% RTP slot ($1/spin)
| Result Range | Percentage of Players |
|---|---|
| Lost everything ($0) | 5% |
| Lost 50%+ ($0-250) | 25% |
| Lost 0-50% ($250-500) | 30% |
| Broke even ($480-520) | 10% |
| Won 0-50% ($500-750) | 15% |
| Won 50%+ ($750+) | 12% |
| Big winner ($1,500+) | 3% |
Average return across all players: ~96% (as expected).
RTP and Responsible Gambling {#responsible}
Using RTP for Bankroll Planning
Example: Planning a 3-hour session
| Factor | Value |
|---|---|
| Spins per hour | 600 |
| Total spins | 1,800 |
| Bet per spin | $0.50 |
| Total wagered | $900 |
| Slot RTP | 96% |
| Expected loss | $36 |
Bring bankroll of 3-5x expected loss ($100-180) for a comfortable session.
RTP as Entertainment Cost
| Activity | Duration | Cost |
|---|---|---|
| Movie | 2 hours | $15 |
| 96% slot ($1/spin, 600/hr) | 2 hours | $48 expected loss |
| 99% blackjack ($25/hand, 60/hr) | 2 hours | $30 expected loss |
High RTP games offer more entertainment value per dollar.
Related Calculators
Analyze RTP and plan your play with these tools:
- RTP Calculator - Calculate expected returns
- Slot Comparison Tool - Compare RTPs across games
- Session Simulator - See RTP in action over simulated sessions
Related Articles
- RTP vs Volatility: Which Matters More? - Complete guide comparing RTP and volatility impact on your bankroll
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Evgeny Volkov
Verified ExpertOver 10 years developing software for the gaming industry. Advanced degree in Mathematics. Specializing in probability analysis, RNG algorithms, and mathematical gambling models.
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