Texas Hold'em

Texas Hold'em is poker. While dozens of variants exist, Hold'em dominates—it's the game of the World Series of Poker, high-stakes cash games, and virtually every online poker room. Two hole cards, five community cards, and infinite strategic depth create the perfect balance of accessibility and complexity. You can learn the rules in minutes but spend a lifetime mastering the game. Whether you're playing $0.01/$ 0.02 online or $100,000 high-roller tournaments, Hold'em rewards the same fundamental skills: hand reading, position awareness, and mathematical precision.

Game Structure
Hand Flow
Betting Formats
Position Fundamentals
Starting Hands
Post-Flop Play
Key Concepts
Common Mistakes

Game Structure {#structure}

The Basics

Element	Description
Players	2-10 (typically 6 or 9)
Deck	Standard 52 cards
Hole cards	2 per player (private)
Community cards	5 (shared by all)
Final hand	Best 5 from 7 available

Table Positions

        [Dealer Button]
              |
    CO --- BTN --- SB --- BB --- UTG --- UTG+1 --- MP --- HJ
    (Cutoff)              (Small) (Big)  (Under   (+1)   (Middle) (Hijack)
                          Blind   Blind   Gun)

Position	Abbreviation	Acting Order
Small Blind	SB	First post-flop
Big Blind	BB	Second post-flop
Under the Gun	UTG	First preflop
Middle Position	MP	Middle
Hijack	HJ	Two before button
Cutoff	CO	One before button
Button	BTN	Last post-flop

Forced Bets

Bet Type	Amount	Who Pays
Small Blind	½ BB	Left of button
Big Blind	1 BB	Left of SB
Ante	10-25% BB	Everyone (in some games)

SB posts $1
BB posts $2
Pot: $3

2. Preflop

Action	Player	Amount	Pot
Cards dealt	All players	-	$3
Fold	UTG	-	$3
Raise	MP	$6	$9
Fold	CO	-	$9
Call	BTN	$6	$15
Fold	SB	-	$15
Call	BB	$4	$19

3 players to flop, Pot: $19

3. Flop

Community: K♠ 9♥ 4♦

Action	Player	Amount	Pot
Check	BB	-	$19
Bet	MP	$12	$31
Call	BTN	$12	$43
Fold	BB	-	$43

2 players to turn, Pot: $43

4. Turn

Community: K♠ 9♥ 4♦ 7♣

Action	Player	Amount	Pot
Bet	MP	$30	$73
Call	BTN	$30	$103

Pot: $103

5. River

Community: K♠ 9♥ 4♦ 7♣ 2♠

Action	Player	Amount	Pot
Bet	MP	$75	$178
Call	BTN	$75	$253

6. Showdown

MP shows: K♦ Q♥ (pair of Kings, Queen kicker)
BTN shows: K♣ J♣ (pair of Kings, Jack kicker)
Winner: MP ($253)

Dealing Sequence

Street	Cards Dealt	Total Community
Preflop	2 hole cards each	0
Flop	3 community cards	3
Turn	1 community card	4
River	1 community card	5

Betting Round Structure

\text{Actions Available} = \begin{cases} \text{Check, Bet} & \text{if no bet facing} \\ \text{Fold, Call, Raise} & \text{if bet facing} \end{cases}

Betting Formats {#formats}

No-Limit (NL)

Feature	Detail
Bet sizing	Any amount up to your stack
Minimum bet	Size of big blind
Minimum raise	Size of previous bet/raise
Strategy impact	Highest skill ceiling

Example notation: $1/$ 2 NL ( $100-$ 200 buy-in)

Pot-Limit (PL)

Feature	Detail
Maximum bet	Current pot size
Calculation	Pot + call + call again
Common in	Omaha (PLO)

\text{Max Bet} = \text{Pot} + \text{Call Amount} + \text{Call Amount}

Example: Pot is $100, opponent bets$ 50. You can raise up to: $100 +$ 50 + $50 +$ 50 = $250 total ($ 200 raise)

Fixed-Limit (FL)

Feature	Detail
Preflop/Flop bets	1 big blind
Turn/River bets	2 big blinds
Raises per round	Usually 3-4 cap
Strategy	Pot odds dominate

Example notation: $2/$ 4 Limit (bets are $2 preflop/flop,$ 4 turn/river)

Format Comparison

Factor	No-Limit	Pot-Limit	Fixed-Limit
Variance	Highest	High	Lowest
Skill ceiling	Highest	High	Moderate
Bluff potential	Maximum	High	Limited
All-in frequency	Common	Occasional	Rare
Learning curve	Steepest	Steep	Gentlest
Popularity	#1	#2 (PLO)	Declining

Position Fundamentals {#position}

Why Position Matters

\text{Win Rate Advantage} \approx 5-15\text{ bb/100 (Late vs Early)}

Advantage	Explanation
Information	See opponents act first
Pot control	Decide final bet size
Bluff potential	Represent more hands
Value extraction	Size bets optimally

Position Win Rates (Typical)

Position	Approximate Win Rate
Button	+15 to +25 bb/100
Cutoff	+8 to +15 bb/100
Hijack	+2 to +8 bb/100
Middle	-2 to +3 bb/100
UTG	-3 to +1 bb/100
Big Blind	-15 to -25 bb/100
Small Blind	-20 to -35 bb/100

Positional Hand Ranges

Position	VPIP% (Good Player)	Hand Examples
UTG	12-15%	AA-TT, AK, AQs
MP	15-18%	AA-88, AK-AJ, KQs
CO	20-28%	AA-55, AK-AT, suited connectors
BTN	35-50%	Very wide, most playable hands
SB	20-35%	Depends on BB tendency
BB	N/A (defend)	Wide defense vs steals

Starting Hands {#starting-hands}

Hand Categories

Category	Hands	Strategy
Premium	AA, KK, QQ, AKs	Always raise/3-bet
Strong	JJ, TT, AQs, AKo	Raise, often 3-bet
Playable	99-55, AJs-ATs, KQs	Position-dependent
Speculative	Small pairs, suited connectors	Multi-way pots, deep stacks
Marginal	A9s-A2s, KJo, QJo	Late position only

Preflop Hand Equities

\text{Equity} = P(\text{Win}) \times 100\%

Matchup	Equity
AA vs KK	82% vs 18%
AA vs random	85% vs 15%
KK vs AK	70% vs 30%
QQ vs AK	57% vs 43%
AKs vs JJ	47% vs 53%
AKs vs 76s	60% vs 40%
22 vs AKo	52% vs 48%

The Poker Hand Matrix

     A    K    Q    J    T    9    8    7    6    5    4    3    2
A   AA   AKs  AQs  AJs  ATs  A9s  A8s  A7s  A6s  A5s  A4s  A3s  A2s
K   AKo  KK   KQs  KJs  KTs  K9s  K8s  K7s  K6s  K5s  K4s  K3s  K2s
Q   AQo  KQo  QQ   QJs  QTs  Q9s  Q8s  Q7s  Q6s  Q5s  Q4s  Q3s  Q2s
J   AJo  KJo  QJo  JJ   JTs  J9s  J8s  J7s  J6s  J5s  J4s  J3s  J2s
T   ATo  KTo  QTo  JTo  TT   T9s  T8s  T7s  T6s  T5s  T4s  T3s  T2s
9   A9o  K9o  Q9o  J9o  T9o  99   98s  97s  96s  95s  94s  93s  92s
8   A8o  K8o  Q8o  J8o  T8o  98o  88   87s  86s  85s  84s  83s  82s
7   A7o  K7o  Q7o  J7o  T7o  97o  87o  77   76s  75s  74s  73s  72s
6   A6o  K6o  Q6o  J6o  T6o  96o  86o  76o  66   65s  64s  63s  62s
5   A5o  K5o  Q5o  J5o  T5o  95o  85o  75o  65o  55   54s  53s  52s
4   A4o  K4o  Q4o  J4o  T4o  94o  84o  74o  64o  54o  44   43s  42s
3   A3o  K3o  Q3o  J3o  T3o  93o  83o  73o  63o  53o  43o  33   32s
2   A2o  K2o  Q2o  J2o  T2o  92o  82o  72o  62o  52o  42o  32o  22

Legend: s = suited, o = offsuit, pairs on diagonal

Post-Flop Play {#post-flop}

Board Texture

Texture	Example	Characteristics
Dry	K♠ 7♦ 2♣	Few draws, disconnected
Wet	J♠ T♠ 9♥	Many draws possible
Paired	Q♥ Q♠ 5♦	Full houses possible
Monotone	8♠ 5♠ 2♠	Flush already possible
Connected	9♥ 8♦ 7♣	Straights possible

Continuation Betting

\text{C-Bet Frequency} = \frac{\text{Flop Bets After Preflop Raise}}{\text{Flops Seen as Aggressor}}

Board Type	C-Bet %	Sizing
Dry, high	70-80%	25-40% pot
Dry, low	60-70%	25-33% pot
Wet, connected	40-50%	50-75% pot
Very wet	30-40%	66-100% pot

Bet Sizing Guidelines

Situation	Sizing	Reason
Value on dry board	50-75% pot	Get called by worse
Bluff on dry board	33-50% pot	Risk less when caught
Protection on wet board	66-100% pot	Deny draw odds
Thin value	33-50% pot	Get called by marginal

Key Concepts {#concepts}

Pot Odds

\text{Pot Odds} = \frac{\text{Call Amount}}{\text{Pot} + \text{Call Amount}}

Pot	Bet	Call	Pot Odds
$100	$50	$50	25%
$100	$100	$100	33%
$100	$200	$200	40%

Implied Odds

\text{Implied Odds} = \frac{\text{Call}}{\text{Pot} + \text{Call} + \text{Expected Future Wins}}

Good for: Small pairs (set mining), suited connectors (hidden hands)

Expected Value

\text{EV} = P(\text{Win}) \times \text{Win Amount} - P(\text{Lose}) \times \text{Lose Amount}

Example: Calling $50 into$ 150 pot with flush draw (35% equity)

\text{EV} = 0.35 \times \$200 - 0.65 \times \$50 = \$70 - \$32.50 = +\$37.50

Fold Equity

\text{Semi-Bluff EV} = P(\text{Fold}) \times \text{Pot} + P(\text{Call}) \times \text{Equity} \times \text{New Pot} - \text{Bet}

Common Mistakes {#mistakes}

Beginner Mistakes

Mistake	Why It's Wrong	Fix
Playing too many hands	Negative EV hands lose money	Tight preflop, especially OOP
Not raising enough preflop	Lets too many players in	3x+ BB standard
Calling too much	Passive play loses	Raise or fold more
Not considering position	OOP is a huge disadvantage	Much tighter OOP
Ignoring bet sizing	Random sizing = information leak	Consistent, logical sizes

Intermediate Mistakes

Mistake	Why It's Wrong	Fix
Over-valuing top pair	One pair often loses	Consider ranges
Not bluffing enough	Too predictable	Balance ranges
Bluffing too much	Exploitable	Choose good spots
Ignoring stack depth	20BB ≠ 200BB strategy	Adjust to SPR
Not hand reading	Playing in a vacuum	Think about ranges

Stack-to-Pot Ratio (SPR)

\text{SPR} = \frac{\text{Effective Stack}}{\text{Pot After Preflop}}

SPR	Implications
<3	Top pair = all-in hand
3-7	Top pair = medium strength
7-15	Need strong hands to stack
>15	Set mining, speculative hands shine

Game Variants {#variants}

Cash Games vs Tournaments

Factor	Cash Game	Tournament
Chips	Real money	Play chips
Blinds	Fixed	Increasing
Rebuy	Always	Usually no
Leave	Anytime	Eliminated
Strategy	Maximize EV	ICM considerations
Variance	Session-based	High (top-heavy)

Popular Tournament Formats

Format	Description
Freezeout	One buy-in, no rebuys
Rebuy/Add-on	Can rebuy during period
Bounty/PKO	Prize for knockouts
Turbo/Hyper	Fast blind levels
Sit & Go	Starts when full
Satellite	Win seat to bigger event

Hold'em Statistics {#stats}

Hand Probabilities

Event	Probability
Being dealt AA	0.45% (1 in 221)
Being dealt any pair	5.9%
Being dealt suited cards	23.5%
Flopping a set with pair	11.8%
Flopping a flush draw	10.9%
Making flush by river (w/ draw)	35%
Flopping two pair (unpaired)	2.0%

Showdown Frequencies

Situation	% Reaching Showdown
All hands	20-30%
Winning players	22-26%
Losing players	28-35%

Equity Calculator - Hand vs hand/range equity
Pot Odds Calculator - Call profitability
Hand Rankings - Complete rankings chart

Texas Hold'em

Texas Hold'em

Frequently Asked Questions

Evgeny Volkov

Related Calculators

Related Terms

Explore More Tools